Directing Act II - the balcony scene of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Directing make headway believe II the balcony scene of Romeo and Juliet EssayRomeo and Juliet was originally a play written by William Shakespeare, who was a talented and popular dramatist in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century. As there was no cinematography in his time, his plays were performed in theatres.As I am directing morsel II the balcony scene of Romeo and Juliet, I nominate many advantages. In this day and age, we have the latest equipment and techniques for filmmaking. As a director I have to visualize many technical factors such as television camera angle, lights, effects, props and costumes. I am non going to muddle with the story line, but will make some transplants, which will particularise my scene from the original. To present a good performance, I will have to take some imperative factors into account. Such as the place the scene has in the overall structure of the play, historical background, the setting, development of character, themes a nd the use of language.Let me begin by describing the place the scene has in the overall play. in the beginning before Act II in Act I, we are introduced to the feuding families of the Montague and the Capulets. We learn that Romeo a youth, who is in despair with his unsuccessful bed for a young lady Rosanline, is the Montagues son. Eventually Romeo is persuaded by his friend Benvolio and Mercutio to go uninvited to a Capulet ball. There he meets Juliet who is the Capulets daughter and falls in love with her at first sight. The events in Act II describe what follows with this new love story. This scene infact is the turning point of the play. The plot begins to thicken from this scene on. I have decided that I will stick to the basic story line and begin my film with similar events.The next factor I have to consider is the historical background. Originally the story is based in Verona, Italy. Verona is a city-state, which is governed by a prince, such as present day boroughs and counties administered. In Verona there are two really powerful and wealthy families the Capulets and the Montagues. They have an ancient family feud between them of blood loss and killing. They are like cats and dogs always quarrelling with each other. My film will be based in Delhi, India. This is a huge district and is under the control of the commissioner of police. In Delhi there are two precise powerful and rich industrialists who have a long aged feud between them. They would try to cause harm to each other at any cost.The setting is the factor, which will differentiate my scene from the original. As I have set my play in India. I will likewise set it in the modern era inappropriate the original, which was set in the seventeenth century. I will use modern day spoken English and not the original Shakespeare English. Modern day wearing apparel will be worn, modern day props and environment will be used. I will have to keep factors such as camera angle, lights and effects in mind throughout the shoot of the scene. The set will be a massive mansion, which will be the Capulets house. This will just be a part of the house where Juliets balcony projects out.There will also be projections out of the wall where flowerpots will be kept and there will be creepers on the wall. This will eventually help Romeo to climb up to Juliets balcony. The filming of the scene takes place in the same manner as it took place in the original play. The shoot will take place at dawn, so that the dialogues correspond. The scene takes place like this Romeo jumps over a wall and finds himself in a compound, which has a garden. He finds no one as it is early morning but sees the lights in Juliets room switched on. He tries to climb up to the balcony when abruptly Juliet appears.He body quiet and listens to what Juliet is saying to herself. As Juliet is leaning on the balcony Romeo breaks his silence. Then both them become engaged in a romanticist conversation. Then suddenly the n urse interrupts them. Juliet then becomes worried and excited tries to complete the conversation hastily. Eventually the they exchange vows and Romeo cautiously sneaks out of the Capulets mansion.The next factor is the development of character. As a director this is a factor I will have to stress upon in order to make my performance an attractive and successful one. In Act II The Balcony Scene there are many changes in the character of Romeo and Juliet. Basing my scene on the original, I will use the original lines to signify the change in character.Romeo at the beginning of the scene is immature and foolish. After seeing Juliet at the ball and falling in love at first sight, he tries to encroach into the Capulets house to meet Juliet. This was foolish of him as he was walking into a pit. Then when he is spying on Juliet, he expresses his feeling for Juliet to himself. He is marvelous about Juliet, for guinea pig It is the east and Juliet is the sun Then eventually he becomes ro mantic and poetic, for example It is my lady, O it is my love and The brightness of her cheek would confuse those stars, As daylight doth a lamp and Her eyes in heaven, Would through the airy region stream so bright, That birds would sing and think it were not night. He is very elaborative in his views about Juliet, such as O speak again bright angel, for thou art.When Romeo meets Juliet he carries on the conversation delivering his dialogues in his poetic, romantic and idealistic way. At a point in the scene Romeo even wishes for physical desire. For example O wilt thou leave me so unsatisdfied?Eventually at the end of the scene he becomes mature and plain in his expressions. For example By the hour of nine, he says this when Juliet asks him what time they should get married. Overall Romeos character is wan and not focused. He is immature in his approach and gradually matures by the end of the scene. Most of the time he expresses his love for Juliet in an idealistic, poetic and r omantic way. He likes to flirt and tries to touch the sentiments of Juliet.On the other hand Juliet is a person who is mature in her views. From the beginning till the end of the balcony scene she remains sober and focused about her views and expression. Her character remains being practical and down to earth. She shows passion towards Romeo at all times but with control emotions and feelings. In the beginning of the play she sardonically refers to Romeos and her selfs parents acting as wall between their love. For example Deny thy father and refuse thy name. Or if thou wilt not be but sworn my love And Ill no longer be a Capulet. She also goes on describing the significance of their names in their love affair, for example Tis but thy name that is my enemy Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.When Romeo breaks his silence and when they meet, Juliet becomes puzzled and curious about his presence, but she is also pleased within as for the effort he made to come. She refers by sayi ng How camst thou hither, tell me, and wherefore The orc challenging walls are high and hard to climb, And the place death, considering who thou art. As the scene progresses Juliets character remains as same, being practical and focused about her views. She replies to Romeos elaborated comments with control emotion and lucidness. For example O swear not by the moon, thinconstant moon, That monthly changes in her circled orb, Lest that thy love prove likewise variable.

Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction Critique

Exercise of familiar jurisdiction CritiqueThis Research will critic exclusively(prenominal)y discuss the capers associated with the exploit of linguistic common court-ordered power with regard to Internal Crimes by National courtsThe bases upon which jurisdiction behind be assumed under world-wide lawfulness ar1. Territorial dogma2. Protective or Security Principle3. Nationality Principle4. Passive Personality Principle5. worldwideity Principle.UNIVERSAL JURISDICTIONUnlike the territorial principle where jurisdiction is assumed based on the ordinate where the crime is committed, the protective principle which permits jurisdiction to be assumed when the interest of the assert is adventureed, Nationality principle which looks to the topicity of the off send awayer and the passive personality principle which looks to the nationality of the victim of the crime, popular jurisdiction looks solely to the crime and jurisdiction is assumed on this background.King-Irani stated that worldwide jurisdiction is based on customary law as whole round as an international consensus, that some crimes are so heinous that they threaten the entire human race.1 Perpetrators of such crimes are considered to be enemies of all mankind and in that lies the right and authority of all states to prosecute perpetrators of such crimes. This really is the foundation of the cosmopolitan legal power principle.The International Council on Human Rights Policy in its booklet on habitual Jurisdiction explained public Jurisdiction to meana system of international justice that gives the courts of all country jurisdiction everywhere crimes against humanity, race murder and fight crimes, regardless of where or when the crime was committed, and the nationality of the victims or perpetrators. It allows the prosecution of certain crimes originally the courts of each country even if the charge, the victim, or the crime, has no link to that country.2Universal Jurisdiction is usually invoked all over International Crimes.Problems associated with the utilization of Universal Jurisdiction frustrate prosecution of international crimes on the nucleotide of Universal jurisdiction they threaten the continued prosecution of international crimes by states and stinkpot undermine the effective administration of justice at the international level. well-nigh of these problems areUNCERTAINTY AS TO THE SCOPE OF UNIVERSAL JURISIDCTIONUn demonstration of the cranial orbit of Universal Jurisdiction takes different forms uncertainty as to its true meaning, mode of its application and the crimes over which it applies are essences that prepare made the kitchen range of Universal Jurisdiction uncertain.Luc Reydams in a paper written for the European Parliaments Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI) stated that more or less..agree that Universal Jurisdiction exists moreover every hotshot has a different understanding of what it means3 Reydams further states that t he problem with Universal Jurisdiction starts with its definition its definition is too all-embracing, and it leaves so much undefined thus failing to satisfy the legal requirement of certainty.There is no consensus on the offences in respect of which Universal Jurisdiction rump be setd and there also exists differing faces on the true meaning of Universal Jurisdiction.Universal jurisdiction arose in the context of piracy, and it remains the close longstanding and uncontroversial Universal Jurisdiction crime.4David Stewart in identifying wizard of the contests of Universal Jurisdiction stated thatDifficulty lies in knowing exactly which crimes qualify for unilateral prosecution by any and all states. Even if ane accepts that, as a matter of international law, jurisdiction must be hold in to crimes of everyday concern, there is no means for determining exactly which offenses expunge into that category.5The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction states the primo rdials of Universal Jurisdiction as its first principle under this it states that Universal Jurisdiction should be asseverate with part to the crime only such crimes should be serious crimes. In its second principle, it states that the serious crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction should be asserted are piracy, slavery, war crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity genocide and torture. The Princeton principles further states that the coiffe of jurisdiction in respect to the above listed crimes is without prejudice to other International Crimes under International uprightness. This raises a fundamental question what are the parameters for determining the crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction whitethorn be asserted?It is generally agreed that while Universal Jurisdiction may be asserted over International crimes, it is non every International crime that can be subject to Universal Jurisdiction?Dr. Oner states that some International crimes are subject to Unive rsal Jurisdiction as a matter of Customary International fairness and some others as a result of treaty.6 He opines that those are the two ways of ascertaining what crimes are subject to Universal Jurisdiction.7He traces the history of how different crimes came to be recognise as International crimes over which Universal jurisdiction could be asserted, his work would be relied on in tracing the history of those crimes.Piracy is the oldest recognised crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction can be assumed, the basis of asserting Universal Jurisdiction over this crime lies in the occurrence that it is committed in a place which cannot be categorised as the territory of any state the High Seas. It was an offence that affected every state hence all states had the authority to combat it. This is the only crime over which it is generally accepted that Universal Jurisdiction can be asserted over. Jurisdiction over this crime arose under customary law and it was later recognised by treat ies. Jurisdiction was later extended to Hijacking by virtue of Article 4 of 1970 Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft and the 1982 Convention of the Law of the Sea.After the Second World War and the application of Universal Jurisdiction to the prosecution of War crimes, Genocide and Crimes against Humanity, they gained acceptance as International Crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction could be asserted both under Customary International Law and treaties which created an obligation on states to either prosecute or extradite.8 With time more Conventions on certain other offences also placed an obligation on states to either prosecute or extradite persons who have committed certain crimes Universal Jurisdiction was consequently extended to certain other offences such as Torture.9Another arm of this problem is national principle of states on Universal Jurisdiction. The scope of such legislation determines the extent of Jurisdiction that can be assumed over International Crimes, and crimes over which Universal jurisdiction may be asserted. Some states have expanded the scope of crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction may be assumed under their laws, some others have tried to maintain the scope as has been ascertained by them Under International Law, while some others have conferred jurisdiction on their national courts in a very limited manner.States have delimited the scope of Universal Jurisdiction in their respective jurisdictions by their respective laws. Mark Ellis stated that As much of the international union promotes universal jurisdiction, state practice is limiting the scope and ingestion of it. AND this is being d bingle without much notice. 10Ellis further opined thatThe propensity of states retaining a more expansive view of territorial reach is ending. The discernible trend is moving towards a more restrictive interpretation and application of universal jurisdiction.11The absence of uniformity in the legislation of states conferring jurisdiction on their respective courts to assert Universal Jurisdiction poses a problem to the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction because the exercise of jurisdiction by one state may be opposed by another, especially when its nationals are involved.One factor which is closely related to the uncertain scope of Universal Jurisdiction is uncertainty as to the factors which must exist before a state can assume jurisdiction. One of such factors is whether the Accused or the person over whom jurisdiction is sought to be asserted is within the territory of the prosecuting state this is referred to as Jurisdiction in Absentia.Zemach in defining Jurisdiction in Absentia choose the definition of Colangelo thusUniversal jurisdiction in absentia can be roughly defined as the conducting of an investigation, the issuing of an arrest warrant, and/or the bringing of fell charges based on the principle of universal jurisdiction when the defendant is not present in the terri tory of the acting state. This definition does not include adjudication of the case.12 many another(prenominal) states are reluctant to assert Jurisdiction unless the accused is within their territory. This is consistent with the extradite or prosecute obligation imposed on states by sooner a number of Conventions which permit the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction the obligation to prosecute or extradite only arises when the offender is within the territory of the state. It could therefore be argued that the implication of this is that the Conventions which place an obligation on states to prosecute or extradite do not envisage the exercise of Jurisdiction in absentia.This problem is further compounded by the absence of consensus on whether Jurisdiction in absentia is permitted under International Law. Judges Higgins, Kooijmans, and Buergenthal observed, in their Joint Separate Opinion as followsis it a precondition of the assertion of universal jurisdiction that the accused be wit hin the territory? Consider adequate to(p) confusion surrounds this topic, not helped by the fact that legislators, courts and writers uniform frequently fail to specify the precise temporal moment at which any such requirement is said to be in play. Is the presence of the accused within the jurisdiction said to be required at the time the offence was committed? At the time the arrest warrant is cased? Or at the time of the trial itself? .. This incoherent practice cannot be said to separate a precondition to any exercise of universal criminal jurisdiction. 13Rabinovitch, echoes the position of proponents of Universal Jurisdiction in Absentia when he stated that State practice in recent years has increasingly supported the view that States may exercise universal jurisdiction in absentia if they so desire,14 provided there are safeguards to prevent an abuse of the accused rights. Judge Ranjeva in his Declaration held a contrary view he stated that developments in International Law did not result in the recognition of Jurisdiction in absentia.15All of these uncertainties surrounding the principle and practice of Universal Jurisdiction pose a problem to the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction.THE CONFLICT BETWEEN UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF STATESOne major problem which affects the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction is the perceived and actual breach of the monarch butterflyty of a state. I use the word perceived to mean this most times the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction by a state may be looked upon by the state whose national or official is tried as an injure or threat to its sovereignty. This might not necessarily be the case. While in a case of actual breach of a nations sovereignty, it is the case that exercise of jurisdiction may actually amount to a breach of a nations sovereignty.The Democratic Republic of the Congo V. Belgium16 popularly known as the Arrest precedent case illustrates this. In this case, Belgium issued an Intern ational Arrest warrant on 11 April 2000, for the arrest of Congos look for irrelevant Affairs, Mr. Abdulaye Yerodia Ndombasi. The Democratic Republic of Congo was highly displeased with the issue of the warrant for the arrest of its minister, and accordingly instituted an action at the International Court of Justice praying the court that Belgium recalls and cancels the Arrest warrant. Belgium had issued the warrant on the builds that Mr. Yerodia had breached the geneva Conventions of 1949 and protocols I and II such breach Belgium claimed was punishable under its laws. Congo prayed the International Criminal Court to order Belgium to cancel the warrant on the ground (amongst other grounds) that the universal jurisdiction that the Belgian State attributes to itself under Article 7 of the Law in question constituted a violation of the principle that a State may not exercise its authority on the territory of another State and of the principle of sovereign equality among all Member s of the United Nations17. In essence, Congos contention was that Belgiums exercise of Its Universal Jurisdiction amounted to a violation of its sovereignty. The Court found that the issue of the Warrant of Arrest for Congos Minister for abroad Affairs amounted to a breach of Congos Sovereignty.Kontorovich has stated that the New Universal Jurisdiction18 is perhaps the most controversial development in contemporary international law, precisely because it encroaches on or qualifies nations jurisdictional sovereignty19 while Kings-Irani opines that Universal jurisdiction casesusually raise troubling questions about state sovereignty.Hawkins opines that when states established universal jurisdiction, they created a decentralized mechanism for the erosion of sovereignty20It is not promising that the constant clash between the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction and the violation or the alleged violation of the sovereignty of a state would come to an end in the nearest future. This is a ttributable to the political element in the definition of the crimes over which Universal Jurisdiction can be assumed that is the fact that most crimes against humanity and war crimes are most times not committed independent of the state and its agencies, rather they are sometimes committed by state officials with the aid of state agencies.The principle of Universal Jurisdiction has no inherent principles which can tackle the clash between assumption of jurisdiction on this basis and the sovereignty of a state.CLASH BETWEEN THE EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION AND IMMUNITYIt is a principle of Customary International Law that State officials are immune from the jurisdiction of foreign courts in certain instances.21 The immunity enjoyed could be as a result of the position occupied this is Immunity ratione personae or it could be enjoyed as a result of the official acts carried out in furtherance of the great power occupied this is immunity ratione materiae.22The challenge that the issue of sovereign immunity poses is a multi-faceted one. This challenge raises quite an a number of questions. What exactly is the law on the immunity of sovereigns of states, both current and past and what is the extent of the immunity in relation to the acts of the sovereign? What acts of the sovereign are covered by immunity?This difficulty arises primarily because the position of International law on the immunity of Sovereigns of States or Heads of States remains unclear.23 and then the authors of the article The Future of Former Head of State Immunity after ex parte Pinochet24 borrowed the words of other authors to describe the position of International Law on the immunity of Heads of States as lacking coherence25, problematic and ambiguous26 and in Re Doe27 the United States Court of Appeal described it as been in an amorphous and Undeveloped state.This issue came up for consideration In the Arrest Warrant Case28 Congos contention was thatthe non-recognition, on the basis of Articl e 5 of the Belgian Law, of the immunity of a Minister for Foreign Affairs in office constituted a violation of the diplomatic immunity of the Minister for Foreign Affairs of a sovereign State, as recognized by the jurisprudence of the Court and following from Article 41, paragraph 2, of the Vienna Convention of 18 April 1961 on Diplomatic Relations29The court came to the decision that a Minister of Foreign Affairs enjoyed Immunity which was inviolable for as long he remained in office. I will reproduce a portion of the Courts decision as this sheds some light on the position of International Law on the Immunity of SovereignsThe Court has carefully examined State practice, including national legislation and those few decisions of national high courts such as the House of Lords or the French Court of Cassation. It has been unable to deduce from this practice that there exists under Customary International law any form of exception to the rule according immunity from criminal Jurisdic tion and inviolability to incumbent Ministers for Foreign Affairs, where they are suspected of having committed war crimes or crimes against humanity.jurisdictional immunity may well bar prosecution for a certain period or for certain offences it cannot exonerate the person to whom it applies from all criminal responsibility30What this translates to is the fact that there may be times when a National Court could have jurisdiction to try a person subject to immunity, however, it might be impossible to exercise jurisdiction because of the immunity that such a person enjoys the risk in this is that it could lead to impunity, even though this is a situation the Law seems to want to avoid or it could just lead to a situation of delayed justice.In senator Pinochets case,31 the House of Lords held that Pinochet, a former Head of State of chili was not entitled to immunity for torture, as torture was not an official act carried out in furtherance of his official duties.The position of Inte rnational Law on the Immunity of High level officials of states remains uncertain, and there is no uniformity in state practice in recent years which can help in ascertaining the position of International law in this regard.In November 2007, France dismissed a complaint filed against Former secretary of Defence of the United States and the tenableness for the dismissal was given by the prosecutor, Jean Claude Marin, he stated in an open letter that according torules of customary international law established by the International Court of Justice, immunity from criminal jurisdiction for Heads of State and Government and Ministers of Foreign Affairs continues to apply after termination of their functions, for acts carried out during their time of office and hence, as former Secretary of Defense, Mr. Rumsfeld, by extension should benefit from this same immunity for acts carried out in the exercise of his functions.32There was an outcry against the position of France, especially becaus e the Prosecutor, Jean Claude Marin had some years earlier personally signed an order calling for General Pinochet to appear before the Paris Court of Appeal. Human Rights organisations felt up he should have known better. The Human Rights Organisation also felt greatly disappointed that the dismissal of the complaint was largely due to the position interpreted by the French Foreign Ministry which is headed by Bernard Kouchner, a fellow who had distinguished himself in the fields of Human Rights.This goes to illustrate the inconsistency in state practices when it comes to the issue of exercising Universal Jurisdiction and the Immunity of State officials. Perhaps one logical explanation for this inconsistency might not be unrelated to the study to preserve good relations between states.THE ALLEGATION OF BIASSelective approach in the prosecution of International Crimes on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction has posed a great challenge to the Universal Jurisdiction regime. The outcry against the selective approach of some states in the prosecution of crimes using Universal Jurisdiction has been loudest in Africa, where African leaders allege that they have been the primary target of Western Countries. This allegation of bias is not without any merit, neither is it entirely true.Ian Brownlie has been quoted by Zemach as stating that political considerations, power, and patronage will continue to determine who is to be tried for international crimes andwho not.33Dr. Oner captured an aspect of this problem aptly when he stated thatUniversal jurisdiction gives powerful nations a means of politically influencing less powerful ones. Indeed, thus far, weak countries with little to no political leverage have not exercised universal jurisdiction over powerful people from powerful countries through their courts.34It is important that states have faith in the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction by any state that chooses to prosecute using Universal Jurisdiction. There shou ld be transparency and good faith when arriving at the decision to prosecute and this should as clearly as possible be seen by all to be fair.POLITICAL PRESSURE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IMPLICATIONSNations usually want to maintain good relations with their affiliate however, the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction could pose a threat to this. In order to maintain good relations with other states, a state may give in to political pressure which would in turn affect its exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. The case of Belgium and Spain illustrate this.Belgiums Universal Jurisdiction laws were so broad that anybody could be tried by Belgium courts without having any link at all to BelgiumThe American society of International Law Commenting on the Belgian law stated thatThe Belgian law was widely recognized as the most far-reaching example of a state exercising universal jurisdiction. During the first decade of the laws existence, some thirty legal complaints were filed against a vari ety of government officials worldwide, including against Rwandans for genocide, General Augusto Pinochet of Chile, Cuban President Fidel Castro, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon35The United States uncomfortable with the possibility that its officials could be victims of Belgiums law threatened and coerced Belgium until Belgium finally amended its laws in August 2003, thus finally removing the Absoluteness from the Universal Jurisdiction law of Belgium.U.S. Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld stated authoritatively at the timeBelgium needs to realize that there are consequences to its actions. This law calls into serious question whether NATO can continue to hold meetings in Belgium and whether senior U.S. officials, military and civilian, will be able to continue to visit international organizations in Belgium Certainly until this matter is inflexible we will have to oppose any further spending for constructi on for a new NATO headquarters here in Brussels until we know with certainty that Belgium intends to be a hospitable place for NATO to conduct its business.36The new Belgian Law now requires a link with Belgium for the Belgian courts to be able to exercise jurisdiction.All pending cases in Belgium against U.S Officials were dismissed in September 2003 because of Belgiums new law.When Belgium ruled that Israels Prime Minister Ariel Sharon could stand trial for War crimes under its Universal Jurisdiction laws, but only after he leaves office, Israeli public television quoted an unnamed official as calling the court decision shameful and warning that it threatened to open a serious crisis between the two countries.37 And Israel in protest was reported to have recalled its Ambassador to Belgium for consultationThe case of Spain is quite similar to the Belgium experience. After Spain gave in to pressure from Israel, the United States and China, Spain amended its Universal Jurisdiction l aw the new law now requires a link to Spain before Spanish Courts can assume jurisdiction.38Clearly political considerations and interactions between states pose a problem to the exercise of Universal jurisdiction.DIFFCULTY OF OBTAINING EVIDENCE AND WITNESSESStewart is also of the opinion that In some measure, the lack of actual prosecutions based on universality must result from practical difficulties in obtaining evidence and witnesses regarding crimes committed in other countries.39Most International Crimes are usually prosecuted many years after the offences have been committed. The chances of gathering quality evidence with the passage of time reduces, when that is added to the long distance and legal difficulties that it might entail, it becomes even more difficult to obtain evidence. Language barrier could also further compound this problem.Where it is difficult or impossible to obtain evidence it might be difficult to proceed with prosecution on the basis of Universal Jurisd iction.COMPETING JURSIDCITIONIt is always the case most times, if not always that where jurisdiction is asserted on the basis of catholicity, jurisdiction could also be asserted on other bases. Where more than one state decides to assert jurisdiction, whether on the basis of Universality or other principles, it might pose a problem, especially when extradition is requested by the competing states.To reduce the conflict that this situation may create, it is usually best that in the prosecution of International crimes, exercise of jurisdiction on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction should be the last resort, states with stronger connections to the crime should first be given luck to prosecute the crime, where they fail to or where they are unable to do so, then a state with no connection or a weaker connection can then prosecute on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction.COSTOne of the problems associated with the exercise of Universal jurisdiction is cost. A state expends its resources i n prosecuting crimes, when the prosecution of crimes serves the states interests, there would be no problem with it but where it serves no practical purpose that is when the difficulty arises. The argument and view held in some quarters, that a nation that prosecutes a crime that does not threaten it in any way and which it has no interest in prosecuting stands to gain nothing from it, rather, it expends its resources and the benefits of prosecuting the crime is enjoyed by other states is one problem that militates against the exercise of Universal Jurisdiction. Kontorovich stated thatA nation exercising Universal Jurisdiction expends scarce resources to punish crimes that have not injured it thus it bears all the costs of enforcement while the benefits are enjoyed primarily by other nations. Rational choice models of state behaviour suggest that nations will generally not undertake such activities.40David Stewart also opined thatDepending on the facts, prosecutors and ministries of justice may have little enthusiasm for devoting time, money, and resources to prosecutions having little enough to do with their own countries, citizens, and direct national interests.41Kontorovichs position is actually a true reflection of what is currently going on at the international scene, nations decline to prosecute or even enquire where their interests are not affected, and this runs contrary to the principle of Universal Jurisdiction. One of the underlying principles governing Universal Jurisdiction is that crimes such as torture, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes are so serious that they harm not just a particular state but the international community and should therefore be prosecuted by all states.42 Kontorovich opines more articulately that many of the crimes subject to the universality principle are so heinous in scope and degree that they offend the interest of all humanity, and any state may, as humanitys agent, punish the offender. . . 43DOMESTIC LE GISLATION AND STATE POLICIESIt is not sufficient that International Law establishes an obligation to prosecute on the basis of Universal Jurisdiction. There must exist national legislation which authorises the courts of a state to assert jurisdiction, where this is absent, a court might not be able to assert Universal Jurisdiction. Senegal had to enact a law vesting jurisdiction in its courts before it could prosecute Hissene Habre, former Chad president.State practice is limiting the scope and use of Universal Jurisdiction. 44 Universal Jurisdiction can only be used to the extent that a states mun

Background Of The Industry Economics Essay

Background Of The industriousness Economics EssaySince the middle of the twentieth century, legion(predicate) economic goes ups and downs, the pioneer of the world confuse seen many fundamental and far-reaching changes within society. The obvious view is the amelio symmetryn in economic wealth, has considered the improvements in standards of living for the ensemble of people living and running(a) in these countries. These alterations feature enhanced the improved harvestivity and redistri preciselyion of the workforce. unemployed and Hospitality industry has become part of integral industries that helps to improve in economic wealth, not only in Malaysia but in most countries. It after part regard as a complementary of touristry industry. As it is an income generator by using sources of country to run extraneousers to come over and flourish some other(a) industries too. For instances, holidaymakers who fly over Malaysia give have an opportunity to fumble a new enthroni zation and attempt to embroil it, this might help our economy kick upstairs well because of the in bunk currentness injection.But first, what exactly is empty and cordial reception industry? This sector is made up of two parts, which atomic number 18 the arts, entertainment and recreation sector and accommodation and food service sector. Thearts, entertainment, and recreationsector include a vast range of constructions that conk out facilities or work provided to cater variety of cultural, entertainment, and recreational interests of their patrons, examples like theme park, shopping mall, theme museum. (Leisure and Hospitality Industry)For the most part, it is built luxury-based, evade from the fundamental admits. charm the accommodation and food servicessector comprises constructions providing customers with lodging and preparing meals, snacks, and beverages for consumption, examples like famous food, hotel with different swand and superior services.This service-based indu stry thrives on the unfilled activities of patrons. This kind of business that the hospitality industry garners is momentary, but it accounts a large sum of its revenue. Therefore, with the subtle unoccupied and hospitality industry entrust push the touristry industry up. (What Is the Hospitality Industry?)Leisure and hospitality industry had indirectly developed in so many aspects too such(prenominal) as land, country, other businesses and it also decrease the unemployment station too. For the land training, hospitality experts did a good job of flourishing some unused spaces and built a glamorous building on it to accommodate tourist that need place to stay and obtain income from that way. With the phosphorous of hospitality industry, there have few rates of hotels for tourist to choose whether which go out appropriate for them. For examples, Genting upland Malaysia has a few different rate of hotel in the small same site to let the tourists have as much as choices to sele ct their apropos hotels.For the development of other businesses, such as food, stores, theme parks and shopping malls will g modesting too due to the intrude of leisure and hospitality industry. In contra versa, tourists maybe interesting in food or theme park or cultures of a country and tend to come over for that specific intention, this will also enhance the leisure and hospitality industry. For an actual example, Singapore recently has constructed a new theme park, Universal Studio and Casino have attracted a lot of hostileers spend their time in that country to regale themselves. Exceptional service is usually very important for. Customer satisfaction like what they on purpose come for, usually leads to consumer loyalty, which helps to ensure the success of a federation in the hospitality industry.For the development of country and decreasing the unemployment rate, leisure and hospitality has create an opportunity for the tourist to search a new redactment as I said in the above paragraph and it has fill in the people that need a job.In conclusion, hospitality and leisure industry are so sensitive to economic and in competitive market conditions. Hospitality and Leisure companies have to cater the challenges of current world market by comprehending and arising strategies to meet economic conditions, consumer trends, competition, technology and c at a timerns regarding security and social responsibility. (646 words)(b)Main Competitors in the IndustryAs we know, GentingBhdis a long-familiar corporation in Malaysia with its prosperous and successful hotel, resort as well asleisure industry.Moreover, hospitality and leisure is the main revenue for GentingBhd. Therefore, we will emphasize the hospitality and leisure segments in here. In fact, the only one large casino space in Malaysia is built in Resorts land Genting which means GentingBhd monopolizes the casino market in Malaysia as well. However, the GentingBhd is having a tough competition with som e(prenominal) rivals in overseas casino market. in like manner that, GentingBhdcompetes perfectly with other resorts and hotels nationally, regionally and also globally. Therefore, there are few competitors in hospitality and leisure industry that GentingBhd might beware.Las Vegas Sandsis one of the main competitors for GentingBhd. Recently, it developed Marina Bay Sands in Singapore and it is the most over setd standalone casino property in the world. With its distinctive and marvel architecture of the resort the Sands Skypark and also the amazing and luxury interior of the casino, it does attract many gamblersglobally which gives an squeeze to Resorts World Sentosa in Singapore. (Acura, 2010)Resorts World Sentosa is one of the resort and casino properties of GentingBhd. It is one of the most expensive casino properties in the world after Marina Bay Sands.(Wikipedia, Resorts World Sentosa) Indeed, the third quarterly distinguishs in 2010 conveys that opening of Marina Bay San ds has wiped out the gaming revenueof Resorts World Sentosa in the second quarter. (Cohen, 2010)It obviously indicates that Resorts World Sentosa have a perfect competition with Marina Bay Sands.In other hand, GentingBhd is also competing with MGM Resorts international, the Las Vegas-based casino federation in global casino market.(Reuters, 2012) Resorts World Casino New York metropolis is builtat Aqueduct Racetrack in New York City, USAby GentingBhd which was opened on 28th October 2011 and it is the first casino in New York City.(Harwood, 2011) In fact, GentingBhdhas beaten out MGM Resorts internationals original proposal to build a casino at Aqueduct Racetrack in South Ozone Park.(Mosco, 2012)However, Resorts World Casino New York City is silence in competition with MGM Resorts global which is holding a certain number of casinos in Las Vegas and also outside of Las Vegas such as MGM Grand, The Mirage, New York-New York and more.GentingBhd may lose their advantage if compare with MGM Resorts International because of their brand name is not recognized by people. In past few courses, Genting Bhd has bought 3.2% stake in MGM Mirage and Genting Bhd took over the US casino operators investment in MGM Grand Macau.(Times, 2009)In fact, GentingBhdisholding more cash than any other gaming operators in the world and it is one of the advantages of GentingBhd in the competition.Resort World Genting monopolizes casino market in Malaysia and it ensures the profitability of Resort World Genting. However, there are various resorts in local compete with Resort World Genting such as Legoland Malaysia in Johor.Legoland Malaysia is have by Merlin Entertainments and it was opened on 22nd September 2012. Legoland Malaysia is the first Legoland theme park in Asia and it attracts not only local visitors, and also foreign visitors especially Singaporean.(Wikipedia, Legoland Malaysia) In addition, the Legoland Hotel, Lego-themed water theme park and Lego-themed attractions ne arby will be opening soon. It becomes one of the say-so competitors of Resort World Genting.In conclusion, Las Vegas Sands, MGM Resorts International and Merlin Entertainments are mainly competitors of GentingBhd. A good competition will lead a better mathematical process of a smart set. Thus, we have a high-pitched betation for GentingBhd.(604 words)(c) Risk factors of the industryThe leisure and hospitality industry is expected to assume a greater role in driving economic offset during this decade. It is a business that providing goods and services in terms of entertainment, recreation and tourism. Leisure and hospitality industry is also assisting in the contribution of the gross domestic help product (GDP) by creating job opportunities. (Economywatch.com, 2010) With the rapidly expansion of leisure and hospitality industry, there are general attempts encountered by the companies. Therefore, managing take a chances is became an indispensible issue for every company. Ther e are several sources of risk which are market risk, credit risk, interest rate risk, and so on. These risk factors are largely beyond the control of the Company and its directors because of the nature of the activities of the Company.a. food market RiskThe mutations in the aggregate market assist the variability in a securitys return. Unfavourable economic produce such as high unemployment, recessions, or other unexpected events like war and natural disaster affect to the entire market and lead to the occurrence of market risk. Due to the economic changes, the shelter of investments may reduced over a given time period. It is also called as systematic risk. (investorwords.com, 2013) In narrate to protect against market risk, asset storage allocation and diversification can be used because different portions of the market tend to underperform at different times.As a fact, a total of 64 projects were approved with total investments of RM1.9 billion in the hotels and tourism sub sector in 2011. Domestic investments totalled RM1.8 billion (94.7%), while foreign investments amounted to RM63.1 trillion (5.3%). In comparison, investments approved in the hotels and tourism sub-sector in 2010 amounted to RM2.5 billion, most of them were domestic investments. Amount of investment is reduced about RM 0.7 billion from 2010 to 2011 due to the economic crisis. (MIDA, 2011)b. Credit riskExposure to credit risk in leisure and hospitality industry arises mainly from sales made on deferred credit terms, cash and cash equivalents, deposits with financial institutions, money market instruments and debt securities. (Genting Berhad, 2011) The companies which go away customers to pay in credit terms would encounter credit risk as including lost principal and interest, increased collection costs, and disruption to cash flows. The passage can arise in a number of circumstances. It is closely related to the potential return of an investment. (Investopedia.com, 2013)Risks are m inimized through effective monitoring of receivables and time out of sales to customers whose accounts exceed the stipulated credit terms. Credit limits are set and credit history is reviewed to minimize potential expirationes. Credit risk is closely tied to the potential return of an investment, the most notable being that the yields on bonds correlate strongly to their perceived credit risk. (Genting Berhad, 2011)c. Currency RiskCurrency risk is the risk that fluctuation of the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument caused by changes in foreign currency rates. (BERJAYA, 2011) Most of the companies invest internationally in global investment arena therefore they face currency risk when they convert the foreign gains back to own currency. For example, Genting Berhad and Berjaya Corporation Berhad contribute their leisure and hospitality business in other countries such as Singapore and United Kingdom. They are exposed to various currencies. Due to the uncertaint y of currency, they confront currency risk when they change the earnings to Ringgit Malaysia. Foreign currency trade rates can change an investors total return on a foreign investment significantly, despite how well the investment performed. Some companies attempts to significantly limit its exposure for committed transactions by entering into forward foreign currency exchange contracts within the constraints of market and government regulations. (Genting Berhad, 2011)d. Interest Rate RiskInterest rate risk is the risk of variability in a cash flow or security of company which resulting from changes in the interest rate level. (moneyterms.co.uk, 2012) It arises mainly from the companys borrowings and debt securities classified as fair value through profit or loss and available-for-sale financial assets. Borrowings issued at variable rates expose the company to cash flow interest rate risk. Debt securities at fixed rate expose the company to fair value interest rate risk. (Genting B erhad, 2011) The interest bearing assets are made up of deposits with licensed financial institutions, staff loans and interest bearing receivables. It more often than not affects securities inversely which showing that security price move inversely to interest rates.To reduce interest rate risk, some companies manage its interest rate risk exposure from interest bearing borrowings by maintaining rate borrowings of fixed and floating. They energeticly review the debt portfolio, taking into account the investment holding period and nature of assets. This dodge allows them to capitalize on cheaper patronage in a low interest rate environment and achieve a certain level of protection against rate hikes.e. Liquidity RiskLiquidity risk is the risk that a given security or asset cannot be bought or sold rapidly in the market to prevent a loss. Liquidity risk arises when a company interested in trading an asset but unable to do it because nobody in the market wants to trade it. The mor e uncertainty of time and price, the greater the liquidity risk. It becomes quite important to companies who are about to hold or presently hold an asset, since it affects their ability to trade. (Wikipedia, 2013) Liquidity risk causes company encounter difficulty in meeting financial obligation due to the shortage of funds.In order to minimize liquidity risk, some companies manage their operating cash flows and the availability of fund so as to ensure that all funding needs are met. As part of their overall prudent liquidity management, companies may also maintain adequate levels of cash or cash convertible investments to meet their working capital requirements. In addition, companies strive to maintain available banking facilities at reasonable level to their overall debt position. As far as possible, companies raise committed funding from both capital markets and financial institutions and prudently balances their portfolio with some short term funding so as to achieve overall c ost effectiveness. (BERJAYA, 2011)(d) Industry performance as compared to the general economy for the last 3 yearsAs we all noticed, the economic decline was registered in several countries in 2009 such as United States, Euro area, Japan, Singapore and also Malaysia as the global financial crisis was led to a sharp contraction of the global economy.GDP developing rate in Malaysian economy contracted by 1.7 per cent due to a significant drop in manufacturing sector and mining quarrying sector shrank, which is 9.4 per cent and 3.8 per cent.(Centre F.G ,2011)Leisure and hospitality industrymakes an important contribution to the general economy. It is because it provides a large packet of employment opportunity for the world. It included the careers in particular specialist areas such as marketing, human resource, finance and accounting, or business management. This can evident by employment in the leisure and hospitality industry for the entire world was 13.2 million in September 20 09 and accounted for 12.4 percent of private industry employment.(Bureau of labor statistics) Leisure and hospitality services include a wide variety of activities that attract tourists such as entertaining recreational areas, resorts, concerts and sporting events, restaurants, and accommodations. (Bureau of labor statistics).Leisure and hospitality industry performance consider at the good level in 2009 although the GDP growth rate is negative. This statement can be proof by the performance of Gentingbhd, which is the example of the leisure and hospitality in Malaysia. Based on the annual report 2009 of Gentingbhd, leisure and hospitality division had higher volume of business generated led to the higher revenue contribution from Resorts World Genting (RWG). Besides that, the annual report show that the performance of the integrated resort of Gentingbhd in 2009 was better than last year 2008, which was received 19.5 million visitors in 2009 compared with 2008 was 19.2 million. Reso rts World Genting operates 41 of a total of 133 outlets in 2009 and the outlets catered to a record high of more than 14.4 million covers in 2009 as compared with 2008 was 13.7 million. (Gentingberhad annual report,2009) However there are some hotel in Malaysia are essay to tackle the problem of declined occupancy rate in 2009. Therefore they were implemented some creative and innovative ways to attract their guests and earn their confidence once again.GDP growth rate of the Malaysian economy in 2010 grow by 7.2percentage compared with the economy contracted by 1.7percentage in last year 2009. The expanded GDP growth rate due to significant grew of the two largest segments which play an important role in the overall economy. There are economy services and manufacturing, which grew by 6.8% and 11.4%. (Malaysia economy update, 2011)Tourism is one of the main drivers of the growth of the leisure and hospitality industry in Malaysia. Malaysia saw 24.6 million tourist arrivals in 2010. The development of the tourism will definitely leads to the drastically expanding of the leisure and hospitality in 2010. The number of hotels has expanded from 1,492 in 2009 to 2,256 in 2010, which was rose by 37.3 percent.(Ninth Malaysian Plan 2006-2010). 2010 was an active year for leisure and hospitality industry like Genting Malaysia as it took concrete steps towards expanding in the UK and in USA. This action guide the Genting Malaysia to have the largest number of casinos in the UK with 46 casinos as at 31 December 2010 and five premier casinos located in London. ( Gentingberhad annual report,2010 )2011 saw the world lining unexpected crisis in many countries before the global financial crisis of the preceding years could dissipate. These unprecedented crisis such as the tsunami in Japan, major floods in Thailand, devastating earthquakes, the Euro-zone sovereign debt crisis and the Arab outflow revolutions. These factors had financially impacted many industries and corpora tions globally. Therefore, the annual GDP growth rate of Malaysia economy was drop to 5.1percentage, rather drastic drop against the 7.2percentage in 2010. (Malaysia economy update, 2011) This year was tough and challenge time for leisure and hospitality industry. However, some leisure and hospitality industry in Malaysia like Gentingbhd had marked this year as the ex officio opening of Southeast Asias first Universal Studios Singapore at Resorts World Sentosa, the official opening of Johor Premium tone endings in Malaysia which is Southeast Asias first Premium Outlet Center and the launch of Resorts World Casino New York City in the United States of America although the economy remains uncertain. (Gentingbhd annual report, 2011) Besides that, the first Legoland Malaysia was denote on 6 December of 2011 to open Legoland theme park in Asia-Pacific and the sixth in the world. (Lua,M.L,2011 ).GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH OF MALAYSIA, 2009 2011 (%)(Ministry of International make o ut and Industry (MITI) Malaysia, 2011)(e) Prospect and estimated growth for the industry in the coming year.Nowadays, organizations within leisure and hospitality industry are faced with increasingly complex issues on branding, operational excellence and growth. There are many accompanying societal changes with great significance for the industrys operators. Demand and consumer expectations have continued to expand with the evolution of a global marketplace. (Background to the hospitality industrys workforce, 2010)From international perspective, leisure and hospitality industry is now claimed to be the worlds fastest growing industry and also one of the leading earners of foreign currency. Nationwide employment in the leisure and hospitality sectorrose to 13.66 million jobs in August, based on the latest seasonally adjusted information from theU.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics. This means many people willing to engage in this industry as they maybe forecast it might be a flourished result in the future. (Thomas)However, the UK and other western economies are going through a prolonged period of structural adjustment and relatively low growth and volatility is likely to persist through the mid-2010s. Against this disappointing backdrop, the London hotel market has demonstrated remarkable resilience. Revenue per room dipped by 5% in 2009, but has since rebounded by 25% to reach a record high. The surge in new supply during 2012 and 2013 may bring down occupancy but we do not expect these temporary factors to hold London back for long. In the UK regions, the picture is different. Here demand is more dependent on the domestic economy, which has been squeezed by high inflation and the aftermath of the financial crisis. Despite near 70% occupancy rates, hoteliers have been unable to pass price increases through the market. We expect revenue per room and rates to remain broadly flat in 2013, as they have since 2009. (UK hotels forecast 2013)Figure 1.1 Forecast charts Leisure and Hospitality in 2013 (PwC UK hotel forecast 2012 and 2013)From Malaysia perspective, GentingBerhad is the domain in hospitality and leisure industry. Casino, hotel and theme park are the main sectors which contributed by GentingBerhad. Thus, we exert GentingBerhad as the standard to interpret the prospect of Malaysia. Among the mass market domestic visitors,The total visitor arrivals to Genting Highlands remained stable. Unlike Singapore, where gaming volume is volatile, Malaysian gaming volume held up well growing at double-digits for VIP gaming and mid single-digit for mass market gaming. As such, Genting Malaysia with 83% of its revenue generated frm its stable Malaysian gaming base provides greater earnings compared with GentingBerhad, which is facing greater earning volatility from Genting Singapore which contributes a sizeable 55% of GentingBerhads group profit while the operating environment in Singapore remains dispute given its heavy reliance on VIP gaming, whi ch is feeling the impact of the global economic slowdown as well as regulatory restrictions on full-fledged junket operations in Singapore. (2013 STRATEGY GAMING (OVERWEIGHT), 2013)While another evidence to proof that the hospitality and leisure industry is in a high profitability industry, is according to Tourism Malaysia statistics, tourist arrivals to Malaysia rose 3.9% to 12.8 million in the first seven months of the year against 12.4 million in the previous correspondent period. For the first six months, tourist arrivals in Sabah grew by 1.2% to 1.12 million compared with 1.11 million in 2007. (The STAR, 30 Aug 2008).Tourism always related to the hospitality and leisure industry, each other is complementary. So with the gaining figure, it apparently pushed up the industry to the climax.Question 3In conclusion, we will suggest investors invest in Genting Berhad stock. There are some compend and evidences support our point of view. In our analysis, the P/E ratio of Genting Ber had is 16.90 times. If compare with Malaysia gaming industry P/E ratio 13.8 times (Based on Kenanga Research, 22 November 2012), it is considered high. Moreover, the latest P/E ratio is also higher than 2011 year which is either 14.1 (Based on Kenanga Research, 22 November 2012) or 13.6 (Based on OSK Research, 22 November 2012). Apparently, increasing in P/E ratio reflects that investors expect Genting Berhad will outperform in the following years. It tells us that investors have confidence and high expectation on Genting Berhads future. On the other hand, the estimated dividend growth rate of Genting Berhad is 3.54%. It seems like not much attractive to investor since Genting Berhad pays a low dividend. However, it is a signal of growing for company so that investors can expect to make more money by investing in Genting Berhad stock in following years. In the calculation of estimated Genting Berhad share price, we got an extremely low price which is RM0.65. It is a huge range of e xtent from current price RM9.70 (Retrieved on 7th January 2013). However, it does not indicate that we should not invest in Genting Berhad. In our opinion, the dividend discount model formula is not suitable to apply in here. It is because Genting Berhad gives a very low dividend while its share price is greatly high. Therefore, the estimated share price in result will be tremendously small. In a word, the unrealistic estimated share price as above is meaningless. In addition, the Kenanga look into and OSK research has rated the Genting Berhad as outperform or valuable to buy. Moreover, both of the researches predict the share price of Genting Berhad will be raised to around RM10 whereas the current price of Genting Berhad is RM9.70. (Retrievedon 7th January 2013) Obviously, it shows that Genting Berhad is still valuable for investor to invest.Genting Berhad has a dividend yield of 0.652% which is considered less attractive. However, this is one of the strategies of them to reduce expenses in order to contribute in their business expansion. It was announced that Genting Berhad is venturing into pharmaceuticals. A wholly-owned subsidiary of Genting Berhad, Genting Management (Singapore) Pte Ltd had invested USD31.5m in TauRx Pharmaceuticals Ltd. We believe it may bring impact to the stock price of Genting Berhad because they try to get involved in more sectors in market. roe of Genting Berhad was fluctuated and was declined from 2011 to 2012. The fall of net profit margin, asset turnover ratio and leverage ratio had caused the declining of ROE. Even though higher ROE is preferable, but ROE may decrease due to some circumstances. The drop of proportionate profitability may assist the rising in corporate income and hence decreasing in net after tax profits. Earnings may still growing but ROE would decrease. When Genting Berhad prefer to become more asset intensive, which means that the company has to generate more assets to increase sales, ROE will decrease des pite growing earnings. If the company is paying down its debt by shareholders equity, equity multiplier will decline, ROE will decrease intensely. Therefore we should compare with other parameter.As we know that Genting Berhad is the blue chip company, it indicates that the stock price of a Genting Berhad usually follows the SP d and normally it will not have a big fluctuated in the changing of share price. Based on the earning per share (EPS) as we estimated above, it shows the EPS of Genting Berhad will grow from 54.4267cent to 56.4490cent. Therefore it means the companys profitability will remain at the high level for next year. The growing EPS also indicate that the performance of the company will keep improving in the future. It will lead to the value of the Genting Berhad share grow up in the future. Therefore we suggest the investor to invest in Genting Berhad.Besides that, we estimate that the growth of the Genting Berhad from 2012 to next year 2013 is 13.0844%. It tells us that the Genting Berhad is going to grow in the coming year although the uncertainty economy changes. Genting Berhad is not only contract in its leisure and hospitality industry, it also included gaming and entertainment businesses, plantation, the generation and supply of electric power, tours and travel related services. It involved some development like property development and management, genomics research and development, oil and gas exploration, production activities.(Investor.com, 2010-2012). This is definitely shows the strength and advantage of the diversity of Genting Berhad. As we all noticed that the leisure and hospitality or gaming entertainment industry are growing very fast in the current economy. If unfortunately one of these industrys performance goes down, it still can recover by others industry which have a constantly good performance over past years. Genting Berhad already is a well-known company in Malaysia, the total visitors is remained stable and keep incr easing. Although every year is challenger for Genting Berhad, they can always do their performance well until reach the expectation of the investors.The other evidence is the increasing of their dividend payout ratio. We estimate that the dividend payout ratio will keep increasing to 11.024% next year. It means how well the earnings of Genting Berhad can support its dividend payments to the shareholders. This higher payout ratio will only given by the mature company. (investopedia, 2013) Therefore, the shareholders of the Genting Berhad can enjoy its increasing dividend per share every.All of the evidence can definitely support the investor to invest in Genting Berhad.

What Is The Effect Of Mcdonalds On Society Cultural Studies Essay

What Is The Effect Of Mcdonalds On Society Cultural Studies EssayMost great changes came with the arrival of fast(a) foodrestaurants give careMcDonalds into foreign countries, transformational hand taken set which could be clearly as favorable or undignified to that gloss. in that respect are 1.5 million franchises in the US but there are about half of the total franchises are outside of the U.S. in over cxx countries. All the reputation and destiny of McDonalds, there are fear about how the broaden of standardization of the franchise is affecting glossiness, manner and the environment. In fact, the McDonalds has proved to the topical anesthetic culture to adopt their culture. The globalization of McDonalds creates many argues on equally both sides of the issue. The pro- globalization hopes are that it develops culture kind of than ruin. .McDonald does also modify its regional menus to make to local taste. There has been a effect of traditional values with the arrival of n ontraditional food items into the culture of foreign countries. The kinds of food items are representative to item regions, religions and society. To give an example, Indian Hindus and Sri Lankan Buddhist people, believes that the cow is to be holy to their religion. assortment can be originated in Indias food and its culture. McDonalds is viewed as American and the society away(p) from conventional foods towards fast food is measured to be Americanizationof the diet. This perception has more far attainment effects than is seen on the surface. The Americanization of the food also shows that the culture and a way of thinking which in not accep put over to many states.Although they have done many changes in the eating habits of the nations influenced by the culture of McDonalds there has been many positive aspects. With the development of technology and communication the world it seems to be moving faster. The initiation of fast food into foreign cultures allows the opportunity to keep up with this fast development. Culture is ever changing and thus McDonalds moving to another step in the growth of culture with the changes. Now the menu has given people a new choice over the traditional foods eaten in the past.Strategies of McDonaldsThe companys ability to determine what consumers want and need and adapt to that is a major strategy they are exploitation according to the culture differences of countries.Another great McDonalds strategy is, such as the delivery service offers even though in crowded cities such as Shanghai. Not only does the company make more sales by catering to the traffic-challenged, time-constrained, and lazy, it saves itself some money at the same time, because delivered meals require no table clean-up at the restaurant.Currently government around the world criticizing the fast food items because of the health issues, some countries are taken some actions to band TV advertisements of such fast food items due to the health conscious. Ther efore McDonalds have done dramatic changes on their menu items with healthier salads, fruits and small portion size to bring forward the balanced and healthy life style.Rather than implementing new technology to replace human labor, McDonalds is using a youthful workforce in an every field. it has pleasing appearance , brightly lit and climate control, seating room ,tables , kids play materials, organized vehicle park, shiny counters creates open and cheerful environment in all country of McDonalds. Employees wear bright color and neat dress and smiles at customers while they working efficiently. Even employee has responsible for cleaning the toilets and floors work in a compensate manner. Outlet menu displays in the behind of the counter with soft backlighting and the photographic image of the food items. And open , clean, kitchen are shows to the customers how the hamburgers and fried chicken are prepared. It seems to be conveying gender equality and attracted the female cons umers. And adjustment in behavior of McDonalds outlets in other country culture is a great strategy of McDonalds. forward McDonalds operated it services till the evening hours, but now days 40% of McDonalds are staying at night ours also because of the culture of night works.Culture Diversity of McDonaldsMcDonalds in JapanIn 1971, first McDonalds was established by Den Fujita, president of Fujita Shoten in Japan in 1955. Perhaps the culture of Japan is closely like Asian culture the code of their food preparation is shows their culturally oriented society. The lunches are made by home and must be consumed chop-chop and entirely by sharing. Rice is so symbolically vital to Nipponese culture that Japanese say they can never olfaction full until they have consumed their rice at a particular meal or at least once during the day. Here food preferences shows their culturally oriented. Earlier look and feel of both the products and stores of McDonalds were similar to those in the Unit ed States. After some experimented they have done slight changes in their menu of food items according to the Japanese culture under one of McDonald guiding principles which is known as a commitment to exceeding customer expectations.And there is a wonderful culture they are having like Asian, eating together at one table, is innermost to the Japanese. It creates a sense of community. It is the essence of a food that bonds families and creates social relationships. But McDonalds hamburgers are meant to be eaten severally and cannot be shared therefore they introduced like Mc rice in Asian counties.And also their cultural physical arrangements of restaurants also changed to their expectation. Japan had neither tables nor seats there were counters in which customers were expected to eat their meals on thego. So they included tables in the layout, although the first floor of the restaurant is to ordering foods and others for seating areas.It is not only a place for great fast food in Japan but also a wonderful place to take a quite a little when they are coming from a late nights work. There are always people sleeping in McDonalds and also can see people poring over over there, they most probably leave their stationery items and bags there. Often can see somebodys bag just left on a seat or a table its the owners way of saying this is my seat dont even think about it. They walk in, leave their bag where they want to sit and then go to order their food. It is look like a cafe, having comfortable seat. (Appendix-1.1).Mc Donalds of Japan is having different culture rather than other country McDonalds. Generally if you left your holding on the tables like that, people would just leave them alone, However, I havent heard anyone sleep or study in McDonalds before. According to our culture if anybody did it willing be made as a guilty thing for them, but it is happening in Japan published photographs in websites are proving that. It is showing their culture of c innamon melt anyone whos try them should agree they are the best, McDonalds adopting their culture and providing services according to their culture.Although McDonalds uses Australian beef unaffected by mad cow disease, the fatal brain-wasting ailment, Japanese consumption of beef and Big Macs dropped sharply at the timeMcDonalds in Hong KongThe first McDonalds of Hong Kong was established on 1975. Already they had the culture of fast food. They are swelled more preferences to time, so other restaurants.Now eco-ethnic- pretentiousness is going out of the way. Generally Honk Kong hook up with especially for the working class and the rich is a pressure and often financially crippling ordeal. Typically Hong Kong couple spends $29,000 on their wedding, and their average monthly income in Hong Kong is about $2,250. And they have the traditions, viewed as so difficult by many young Chinese thus their wedding falls to a joyless, domestic and societal responsibility that leaves them with a heavy debt and little in the way of loving memories. Therefore they introduced Mc Wedding in Hong Kong to have a great wedding for young couples. It will be the first urban center in the world to roll out McDonalds wedding packages for couples introduced on January 1st, 2011.Wedding package starts around $1,000. And the package is include with a ceremony, reception, decorations, personalized menu and catering, cease with an apple pie wedding cake, dress made out of party balloons, kiddies party favors for guests, and catering by McDonalds. Now many people in Honk Kong celebrating their wedding at McDonalds, it shows they are adopting the culture of American whos celebration typically as joyful and independently.Although introduced joyful wedding celebration strictly Alcohol is banned, so newlyweds will have to toast their union with soft drinks instead to maintain McDonalds guiding principles.McDonalds changed the young culture in Hong Kong, but it would be great impact to their culture might be create the unhealthy nature and environmental impact of fast food. It does issue for many cultures, would be effect their own culture value, rather supporting the community through improvement.McDonalds offered a rice burger a meat patty sandwiched by sticky rice molded into a bun in Taiwan, Singapore, the Philippines and Hong Kong who giving preference for heavy meals. Like the Japanese, the locals in Hong Kong viewed hamburgers as snack food. The corporate culture of McDonalds has traditionally been to offer value meals but,Identifying a way to join McDonalds food with the Hong Kong culture and he has been successful. McDonalds has a research pore in North Point (Hong Kong) where it studies the quality of foods. The areas that this office focuses include Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, and 37 markets of Africa. This centre has created many new products within the McDonalds market.Today, McDonalds in Hong Kong continues to offer plain hamburgers at breakfa st, but the dietary preferences of the locals are now more compatible to Americans..Eventually concludes that the Mc World theory is somewhat do changes to exceeding customer expectations under their guiding principles.It is difficult to convincing from

Dr. Seuss The Butter Battle Book and the Cold War Essay -- Dr. Seuss

Dr. Seuss The Butter Battle Book and the unheated WarDr. Seuss is an important figure in the lives of children everywhere. His stories argon childrens classics that are fun to read and excessively tackle some real life issues. Dr. Seusss political views are very apparent in his some of his books like The Butter Battle Book, which discusses the issues of the Cold War.In The Butter Battle Book, two groups, the Zooks and the Yooks, are at odds with the way they butter their bread. One group, the Zooks, assimilate their bread butter side down. The Yooks have their bread butter side up. In this book they are at a point where the crisis has reached its peak. Each group has come up with weapon after weapon to keep the other group out. Both groups then have a Bitsy Big-Boy Bomberoo and they are at a standoff. The story ends as the two are ready to drop the Bomberoo. Dr. Seuss ends the book at a blind alley. We never find out how the Zooks and Yooks end the whole disagreement.In reality, Dr. Seuss takes a look at the stalemate that was occurring between the United States and the former Soviet U...

Summary of Metamorphosis :: Gregor Samsa

Gregor Samsa awakes one morning to run a risk that he has been inexplicably transformed into a giant insect. He has also slept late. His parents and his sister Grete try to rouse him so he can make it to his dreary job as a travelling salesman. The family depends on him for its livelihood. Gregor, however, is now a bug. When a clerk from his company comes to demand an explanation for his absence, Gregor makes a great effort to open the bedroom door and disposition himself. This sends the terrified clerk tearing down the stairwell and Gregors family into shock.Grete, more than his father or m another(prenominal), handles the situation practically. Gregor is fed, and his room is cleaned. Before long, however, economic reality requires all three to find work, and less attention is paid to Gregor--except when he gets out of his room. No one in the family is fully able to reconcile him- or herself to the insect Gregor, and Gregor is unable to pull out himself to his family. The fear a nd disgust his presence inspires (the irrational fear of the mammoth cockroach) is a detriment to his mothers health and incites his father to brief fits of violence. One such fit, a shelling of fruit, deals Gregor a deep and crippling wound.Hobbled and neglected, Gregor begins to waste away in his room. The family takes in three carping lodgers, using Gregors room to store excess furniture and other miscellanea--adding insult to injury. Yet the family does leave Gregors door slightly open in the evenings, so that he may take part in the household in a small way. One evening, the lodgers hear Grete practicing her violin. They call her into the parlor for a concert. She obliges, and the music so moves Gregor that he creeps out into the parlor towards her, wanting to perplex that he understands her gift and will help it to blossom. The lodgers see Gregor and immediately give notice. This is the breaking point for the family. Grete declares that they must abandon the notion that this hideous bug is their honest Gregor. All sadly agree. Gregor slinks back into his room. He dies that night.A great weight has been lifted from the family. After a moment of mourning, the father demands that the lodgers leave immediately. The family takes a tramcar out of the city and into the countryside. It is a beautiful, sunny day, and as Grete stretches out her limbs in the trolley car, her parents thoughts turn to finding her a husband.

Exegetical Analysis of Colossians Essay -- essays research papers fc

Scripture Paragraph TextColossians 124 25Book PurposePauls purpose in writing this book is to teach against the false teachings being taught there.The main origin of the book is that Jesus rescuer is God and the only true way to heaven.Subject of ParagraphSacrificial Service for ChristScriptural Context spry The Passage before this one deals with the Supremacy of Christ. It tells that Christ is God and how he reconciled us to him. The passage after this one deals with living in him. It tells of the profuseness that can be found in him. Paul likewise writes of our forgiveness and how he was triumphant over the cross. Basically Paul tells us of the immunity we sop up in Christ.Book Context The passage I chose deals with what we need to do as Christians. It also tells of the labor we will face for Christ. I conceive it is meant to be an encouragement to stay strong in the faith. The book of Colossians to me relates to the passage I chose by the way it flows. It seems to flow in an orderly fashion. It starts with the explanation of how Christ is Supreme and the proof of His Deity. Paul then transitions to telling about what he has gone through for the gospel and how he is compelled to labor for the Gospel. From there he goes into the freedom we have in Christ and how we are made alive in him. Paul then goes on to give us rules for Holy living. He also instructs us on how to run a Christian household. He...